上一片里，我们跟着卫星在天上找路。从天上往下看，大地皱起一串长褶子——那就是山脉。🌍 星球向导带着小水滴落到地面，看这副骨架是怎么撑起来的。Last leaf, we found our way with satellites up in the sky. Look down from orbit and the ground wrinkles into long folds — those are mountain ranges. 🌍 the planet guide lands with Drip the water drop to see how this skeleton holds the land up.
第 1 步：山脉是怎么挤出来的Step 1: How ranges get squeezed up
山从不是一座孤峰，而是一整串。先看它们在哪儿，再看是谁把它们挤出来的。Mountains never stand alone — they come in long rows. First see where they are, then who squeezed them up.
山脉就是连成串的山。板块互相挤压，地层皱成褶皱山（喜马拉雅还在每年长高）。岩浆喷出来，会堆成火山山。四大名山脉各就各位：亚洲喜马拉雅最高最年轻，南美安第斯最长，欧洲阿尔卑斯最出名，北美落基山最粗犷。A range is mountains in a row. Plates shove together and the crust wrinkles into fold mountains (the Himalayas still grow taller every year). Erupting magma piles up volcano mountains. The four famous ranges take their places: the Himalayas in Asia, tallest and youngest; the Andes in South America, longest of all; the Alps in Europe, most famous; the Rockies in North America, wildest.
最高的山有多高？人爬上去会怎样？How tall is the tallest? And what happens to people who climb it?
第 2 步：登上珠峰，喘不上气Step 2: Up Everest, out of breath
珠穆朗玛峰 8848 米，是世界最高峰。山顶空气只有山脚三分之一，氧气不够用，人会头疼、喘不上气，这叫高原反应。所以登山要一步步适应，慢慢让身体跟上。Mount Everest stands 8848 m, the world's highest peak. Its summit air is only a third as thick as at sea level. Starved of oxygen, people get headaches and gasp — altitude sickness. So climbers ascend step by step, giving their bodies time to catch up.
可山不只是高。同一座山，山脚和山顶像两个世界——为什么？But a mountain is more than tall. One mountain's foot and summit feel like two worlds — why?
第 3 步：一座山，叠起整条气候带Step 3: One mountain stacks every climate belt
因为高度决定冷暖：每升高 100 米，气温降 0.6℃。山脚阔叶林闷热，往上变成针叶林，再往上只剩高山草甸，5000 米雪线以上终年积雪。从山脚走到山顶，等于从热带一路走到了寒带。Because height sets the temperature: every 100 m up, it drops 0.6℃. Muggy broadleaf forest at the foot gives way to conifer forest, then alpine meadow, then the snow line at 5000 m with year-round snow. Walking foot to summit equals walking from the tropics to the polar zone.
🎮 你来当登山向导（30 秒）🎮 Your turn: mountain guide (30 seconds)
道理讲完了。先拖滑块带小水滴爬上 6000 米，看气温和植物一层层换班；再接 4 张任务卡，把滑块停到对的那一层。Theory done. First drag the slider and take Drip up 6000 m, watching temperature fall and plants change shift; then take 4 task cards and park the slider in the right band.
一句话记住它：山脉是板块挤出的大地骨架；珠峰 8848 米是最高点；同一座山从山脚到山顶，叠起了整条气候带。Remember it in one line: ranges are the land's skeleton, squeezed up by plates; Everest at 8848 m is the highest point; one mountain stacks every climate belt from foot to summit.
山脉成因：板块碰撞挤出褶皱山，岩浆喷出火山山；喜马拉雅还在长高How ranges form: colliding plates wrinkle up fold mountains, magma piles up volcanoes; the Himalayas still grow高海拔：珠峰 8848 米，空气稀薄会高原反应，登山要逐步适应High altitude: Everest 8848 m, thin air brings altitude sickness, so acclimatize step by step垂直带：每升高 100 米降 0.6℃，山脚热带、山顶雪，雪线约 5000 米Vertical belts: 0.6℃ cooler per 100 m — tropical foot, snowy top, snow line near 5000 m
内容参考 OpenStax 等公开教材，多来源核对 · AI 生成、人工审核 · 发现错误欢迎指正，帮这片叶子长得更好。Based on OpenStax and other open textbooks, cross-checked across sources · AI-generated, human-reviewed · Spotted a mistake? Tell us — help this leaf grow.
Back to tree
