个人电脑：把计算带到桌面Personal Computer: Computing at Your Desk
展馆里有房间大的老机器，也有桌面电脑。计算怎样从专门机房走进个人生活？The museum shows room-sized machines and desktop computers. How did computing become personal?
第 1 步：供个人直接使用Step 1: Designed for direct individual use
小型不等于只能做小事。Small does not mean limited to trivial work.
个人电脑强调个人能直接操作和使用。微处理器、存储和制造进步，降低了设备体积与成本。套件、家用机和商用桌面机走过不同路线。历史上第一台如何定义，会因标准不同而不同。不能把个人电脑历史压缩成一家公司的一款产品。A personal computer is intended for direct individual use. Microprocessors, storage and manufacturing reduced size and cost. Kits, home machines and business desktops followed different paths. Claims about the first depend on the definition used. The history cannot be reduced to one company and one product.
第 2 步：硬件与软件配合Step 2: Hardware and software cooperate
买齐零件，就能写文章了吗？Are hardware parts alone enough to write a document?
处理器执行指令，内存暂存当前工作，存储设备保留文件。输入输出设备让人和机器交互。操作系统管理资源，应用程序完成具体任务。小禾写文章时，键盘、编辑器、内存和磁盘共同参与。断电后内存通常不保留内容，所以要保存文件。The processor executes instructions, memory holds active work and storage keeps files. Input and output devices support interaction. An operating system manages resources while applications perform tasks. Writing involves the keyboard, editor, memory and storage. Ordinary working memory is volatile, so saving matters.
第 3 步：普及改变工作方式Step 3: Access changes ways of working
走上书桌以后，变化在哪里？What changes when computing reaches the desk?
文字处理、电子表格和创作工具扩大了个人能力。联网又让协作和发布更方便。与此同时，费用、技能和维修仍会限制使用。不同任务需要不同配置，不一定越贵越合适。选择设备先看要做什么，再看内存、存储和软件是否匹配。Word processing, spreadsheets and creative software expanded what individuals could do. Networking enabled further collaboration and publication. Cost, skills and maintenance still constrain access. Different tasks need different configurations; the most expensive machine is not always the best fit. Start with the task and required software.
🎮 给任务配设备🎮 Match a computer to a task
在预算内选内存和存储，完成写作、照片、视频和离线资料四项需求。数字均为教学设定。Choose memory and storage within fictional budgets for writing, photos, video and offline references.
一句话记住它：Remember: 个人电脑把可编程工具交给个人，价值来自软硬件与任务的匹配。Personal computers put programmable tools in individual hands; value depends on matching hardware and software to tasks.
个人电脑发展有多条历史路线。Personal computing developed along several paths.内存和长期存储职责不同。Working memory and persistent storage have different roles.先看任务，再选配置。Choose specifications after defining the task.
把握度：主要发展线索较高；最早的定义存在不同口径。互动规格和价格均非市场报价。Confidence: high for broad developments; definitions of first vary. Specifications and prices in the activity are fictional, not market quotations.
AI 辅助制作与资料核对。插图和互动为教学示意。AI-assisted production and source checking. Illustrations and interactions are teaching models.
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