🌡️ 温度与温标：摄氏、华氏、开尔文🌡️ Temperature & Scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
上一片里，摩擦把一部分功变成了热。可你说的“热”，到底有多热？要用数字说清冷热，先得约定一把量它的“尺子”——温标。小火箭一口气拿出了三把。Last leaf, friction turned part of the work into heat. But how hot is “hot”? To put numbers on hot and cold you first need an agreed ruler — a temperature scale. Our little rocket brought out three at once.
第 1 步：三把量冷热的尺子Step 1: Three rulers for hot and cold
同一个温度，三把尺子量出来的数不一样——先认识它们。The same temperature reads differently on three rulers — meet them first.
温度是“冷热程度的数字说法”。同一杯温水，三把尺子读数不同：摄氏 37°C；华氏 98.6°F；开尔文 310.15 K。刻度不同、零点不同，但描述的是同一份冷热——就像同一段长度，用米和英尺量出来的数不一样，量到的却是同一段距离。Temperature is the number we give to hotness. The same warm water reads 37°C, 98.6°F, and 310.15 K on the three rulers. Different ticks, different zero points — yet it is one and the same hotness, just as one length gives different numbers in metres and in feet.
三把尺子之间，怎么互相“翻译”？How do the three rulers translate into one another?
第 2 步：两个公式走天下Step 2: Two formulas cover it all
换算靠两个公式：°F = °C × 9/5 + 32；K = °C + 273.15。再记住两个锚点：0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K（水结冰），100°C = 212°F = 373.15 K（水沸腾）。把它们连起来算：体温 37°C = 98.6°F = 310.15 K——医生说“98.6 度”，说的就是你的 37°C。Two formulas do the job: °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 and K = °C + 273.15. Anchor them with two fixed points: 0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K (water freezes) and 100°C = 212°F = 373.15 K (water boils). Chain them together: body temperature 37°C = 98.6°F = 310.15 K — when a doctor says “ninety-eight point six”, they mean your 37°C.
那往下量，温度能一直低下去吗？And downward — can temperature keep falling forever?
第 3 步：冷的底线Step 3: The floor of cold
不能，尺子有底：-273.15°C，也就是 0 K，叫绝对零度。越接近它，粒子运动越慢；到了那里，“冷”到底了，再没有更低。实验室里只能无限逼近，永远无法真正到达。所以开尔文从 0 开始、没有负数，科学家最爱用它。No — the ruler has a floor: -273.15°C, which is 0 K, called absolute zero. The closer you get, the slower particles move; at the floor, cold bottoms out and nothing is lower. Labs can only approach it, never truly arrive. That is why the Kelvin scale starts at 0 and has no negative numbers — scientists love it.
🎮 你来转换算盘（30 秒）🎮 Your turn: spin the dial (30 seconds)
道理讲完了。先拖温度滑块看三支温度计一起升降，再算对 4 道换算题。Theory done. Drag the slider and watch all three thermometers rise together, then solve 4 conversion tasks.
一句话记住它：温度是冷热的数字说法，三把尺子同一个温度；0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K，-273.15°C = 0 K 是低温底线。Remember it in one line: temperature is hotness in numbers; three scales, one hotness. 0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K, and -273.15°C = 0 K is the floor of cold.
摄氏：0°C 结冰、100°C 沸腾；华氏：32°F 结冰、212°F 沸腾Celsius: 0°C freezes, 100°C boils; Fahrenheit: 32°F freezes, 212°F boils°F = °C × 9/5 + 32；K = °C + 273.15；0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K°F = °C × 9/5 + 32; K = °C + 273.15; 0°C = 32°F = 273.15 K绝对零度 -273.15°C = 0 K 是低温极限，开尔文没有负数Absolute zero -273.15°C = 0 K is the cold limit; Kelvin has no negative numbers
内容参考 OpenStax 等公开教材，多来源核对 · AI 生成、人工审核 · 发现错误欢迎指正，帮这片叶子长得更好。Based on OpenStax and other open textbooks, cross-checked across sources · AI-generated, human-reviewed · Spotted a mistake? Tell us — help this leaf grow.
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